habenula

See habenula for more detailed information.

Reward information to the lateral habenula comes from the internal part of the globus pallidus.

The first axonal component (10%) in macaque is in the direction of the habenula.

The habenula was traditionally divided into lateral (limbic) and medial (motor) parts.

Input to the medial habenula comes from a variety of regions and carries a number of different chemicals.

The sites of action in the brain include the medial habenula, interpeduncular nucleus, dorsolateral tegmentum and basolateral amygdala.

The major input to the IPN arrives via the fasciculus retroflex from the medial habenula.

The medial habenula sends outputs of substance P and acetylcholine to the interpeduncular nucleus as well as to the pineal gland.

The limbic system includes the hippocampus, amygdala, anterior thalamic nuclei, septum, habenula, limbic cortex and fornix.

Other Zona incerta also has connections to the amygdala, basal forebrain, the osmoreceptors in the subfornical organ, olfactory bulb, posterior pituitary and habenula.

Neurons in the lateral habenula are 'reward-negative' as they are activated by stimulus associated with unpleasant events, the absence of the reward or punishment especially when this is unpredictable.

The septal nuclei receive reciprocal connections from the olfactory bulb, hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus, midbrain, habenula, cingulate gyrus, and thalamus.

The highest levels of TRAAK expression are in the olfactory system, cerebral cortex, hippocampal formation, habenula, basal ganglia, and cerebellum.

The habenula receives input from the brain via the stria medullaris thalami and outputs to many midbrain areas involved in releasing neuromodulators, such as dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin.

Recent demonstrations using fMRI and single unit electrophysiology have closely linked the function of the lateral habenula with reward processing, in particular with regard to encoding negative feedback or negative rewards.

The stria medullaris, also known as stria medullaris thalami, is a fiber bundle containing afferent fibers from the septal nuclei, lateral preoptico-hypothalamic region, and anterior thalamic nuclei to the habenula.

It has been suggested that the difference between these two types of dopaminergic neurons arises from their input: reward-linked ones have input from the basal forebrain, while the nonreward-related ones from the lateral habenula.

A number of neuroanatomical targets have been utilised for deep brain stimulation for TRD including the subgenual cingulate gyrus, nucleus accumbens, ventral capsule/ventral striatum, inferior thalamic peduncle and the lateral habenula.

In addition to sensory neurons, in rodents and birds (and presumably humans) Brn3a is expressed in multiple sites in the central nervous system, including the spinal cord, midbrain superior colliculus, red nucleus, nucleus ambiguus, inferior olivary nucleus, habenula, and retina.

The epithalamus is a (dorsal) posterior segment of the diencephalon (a segment in the middle of the brain also containing the hypothalamus and the thalamus) which includes the habenula and their interconnecting fibers the habenular commissure, the stria medullaris and the pineal body.

This output inhibits dopamine neurons in substantia nigra pars compacta and the ventral tegmental area, with activation in the lateral habenula linking to deactivation in them, and vice versa, deactivation in the lateral habenula with their activation.

Matsumoto and Hikosaka suggested in 2007 that this reward and reward-negative information in the brain might "be elaborated through the interplay among the lateral habenula, the basal ganglia, and monoaminergic (dopaminergic and serotonergic) systems" and that the lateral habenula may play a pivotal role in this "integrative function".