levulinic acid

Levulinic acid is also a photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy.

Levulinic acid is the precursor to pharmaceuticals, plasticizers, and various other additives.

Magnesium levulinate, the magnesium salt of levulinic acid, is a mineral supplement.

Related to its original synthesis, levulinic acid is prepared by heating sucrose with concentrated acid.

Dehydration of levulinic acid gives angelica lactone.

GVL is produced from levulinic acid, which is obtained from hexoses.

Potential biofuels can be prepared from levulinic acid including methyltetrahydrofuran, valerolactone, and ethyl levulinate.

Gamma-keto acids, or 4-oxoacids, such as levulinic acid, have the ketone group at the third carbon from the carboxylic acid.

Levulinic acid (4-oxopentanoic acid)

It can be prepared by bromination of levulinic acid followed by treatment of the dibromoketone with potassium carbonate.

HMF hydrolyzes to formic acid and levulinic acid:

Levulinic acid is used in cigarettes to increase nicotine delivery in smoke and binding of nicotine to neural receptors.

Reactions in various alcohols by Brown et al. led to the formation of the appropriate HMF ether and levulinic acid ester.

Levulinic acid, or 4-oxopentanoic acid, is an organic compound with the formula CHC(O)CHCHCOH.

Its IUPAC name is 4,4-bis(p-hydroxyphenyl)pentanoic acid, and it can be prepared by the condensation reaction of phenol with levulinic acid in the presence of hydrochloric acid.

The main problem associated with producing HMF is that in principle HMF is an intermediate in the dehydration of hexoses to Levulinic acid and formic acid.

The resulting glucose can then be dehydrated via hydroxymethylfurfural to yield formic acid and levulinic acid, which can then be hydrogenated to gamma-hydroxypentanoic acid, which readily cyclises to gamma-valerolactone, which has potential applications as a liquid fuel.