microdosing
micro-dosing

Microdosing is another alternative to the use of animals in experimentation.

Microdosing, however, appears to increase users blood volumes significantly.

"With microdosing, they don't invest much and that reduces their risk," Tabo said.

Human Microdosing aims to reduce the resources spent on non-viable drugs and the amount of testing done on animals.

Medical imaging is able to demonstrate to researchers both how drugs are metabolized by use of microdosing, and the detailed condition of organ tissue.

While microdosing produces important information about pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics it does not reveal information about toxicity or toxicology.

There is currently considerable interest in the use of very high sensitivity mass spectrometry for microdosing studies, which are seen as a promising alternative to animal experimentation.

Review article on microdosing as a means of reducing the use of animals in drug testing (PDF format)

Another alternative is so-called microdosing, in which the basic behaviour of drugs is assessed using human volunteers receiving doses well below those expected to produce whole-body effects.

Microdosing is a process whereby volunteers are administered a small dose of a test compound allowing researchers to investigate its pharmacological affects without harming the volunteers.

Microdosing can replace the use of animals in pre-clinical drug screening and can reduce the number of animals used in safety and toxicity testing.

This involved testimonies from various athletes and people associated with Salazar about alleged microdosing of testosterone and prednisone at the Nike Oregon Project.

Furthermore, it was noted by the Fund for the Replacement of Animals in Medical Experiments that despite the use of microdosing, "animal studies will still be required".

It is expected that by 2010, human microdosing will have gained a secure foothold at the discovery-preclinical interface driven by early measurement of candidate drug behavior in humans and by irrefutable economic arguments.

BMC Racing Team rider Thomas Frei recently tested positive for EPO and claimed that he would have beaten the test for his microdosing had he drunk enough water after taking the injection.

It is reported that 15 of the 20 largest pharmaceutical companies have now used microdosing in drug development, and the use of the technique has been provisionally endorsed by both the European Medicines Agency and the Food and Drug Administration.

"Thousands of successful experiments across the dryland areas of West and Southern Africa demonstrate that microdosing can boost yields enough to eliminate the need for food aid," ICRISAT Director General William Dar said in the report.

In November of 2015, Rolling Stone magazine reported on an increasing number of young professionals, particularly in the San Francisco area, who were using "microdosing" (around 10 micrograms) of LSD in an effort to "work through technical problems and become more innovative."

Less commonly, the term "microdosing" is also sometimes used to refer to precise dispensing of small amounts of a drug substance (e.g., a powder API) for a drug product (e.g., a capsule), and when the drug substance also happens to be liquid this can potentially overlap what is termed microdispensing.

James Fadiman is currently conducting a study on micro-dosing for improving normal functioning.

Mental craving will often disappear within 12 hours on the naltrexone micro-dosing detox.

The fears about micro-dosing coincide with the players' association making specific presentations to each of the 18 clubs on performance-enhancing drugs.

You can't tell me that a player who is out there for 5½ hours couldn't benefit from a little micro-dosing of EPO.

The CIRC report highlighted the potential window of opportunity for micro-dosing between 11pm and 6am.

The purpose of micro-dosing is not intoxication but enhancement of normal functionality (see nootropic).

Albert Hofmann was also aware of micro-dosing and has called it the most under-researched area of psychedelics.

Zorzoli said evidence from the programme suggests changes in doping behaviour in recent years, leaning towards what is commonly know in the sport as 'micro-dosing'.

The MAP coalition urged wider use of human-centered research methods such as micro-dosing, tissue studies and virtual drug trials.

The organization trains smallholder farmers on how to create and use compost and how to minimize the amount of fertilizer used with a micro-dosing technique.

Micro-dosing (or sub-perceptual dosing) means taking sub-threshold dose, which for LSD is 10-20 micrograms.

"There's a tendency to use (banned) substances via micro-dosing during perhaps shorter time-scales, the aim of which is to reduce the risk of testing positive," he added.

Similarly, it would be naive to assume athletes would not seek to subvert investigations the same way they have learnt to use micro-dosing to subvert scientific tests.

GB Innomech Ltd of Ely, Cambridgeshire for precision micro-dosing system for accurately dispensing powder into capsules and custom automation solutions.

Doping regimes have become increasingly sophisticated - most doping occurs out of competition - and in the case of testosterone what is called micro-dosing has become common, taking small amounts that make it easier to avoid a positive test.

Microdosing (or micro-dosing) is a technique for studying the behaviour of drugs in humans through the administration of doses so low ("sub-therapeutic") they are unlikely to produce whole-body effects, but high enough to allow the cellular response to be studied.

This dosage has been shown to increase bone strength, but it was not known whether such micro-dosing relieves menopausal symptoms, note Dr. Gloria A. Bachmann, of the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, and colleagues.

So with micro-dosing, and in some cases you can see six grams per plant, which will translate to about 30 kilograms per hectare, here's the result.