subglottic
subglottal

In late stages, the vocal folds and subglottic structures are also involved.

As the name suggests, Congenital subglottic stenosis is a birth defect.

Subglottic stenosis are graded from one to four based on the severity of the block.

Subglottic stenosis can affect both children and adults.

Supraglottic cancers are less common, and subglottic tumours are least frequent.

In some patients with severe subglottic stenosis, tracheotomy is required to maintain an airway.

Subglottic stenosis can present as a life-threatening airway emergency.

Treatment of recurrent supraglottic, glottic, and subglottic cancer includes further surgery or clinical trials.

The subglottic pressure, the driving force in phonation, needs to be adapted in accordance with the laryngeal conditions."

Acquired Subglottic Stenosis generally follows as an after-effect of airway intubation.

By the time they are detected, cancers arising in the subglottic area commonly involve the vocal cords; thus, symptoms usually relate to contiguous spread.

Belt quality also uses clavicular breathing and has the longest closed phase with the highest subglottic pressure and the greatest glottic resistance.

Plastic and silicone are widely used since they reduce the complications from the tracheotomy procedure such as subglottic stenosis and erosion of large blood vessels.

Subglottic stenosis (SGS)

Subglottic stenosis is a congenital or acquired narrowing of the subglottic airway.

The subglottic region begins about 1 cm below the true vocal cords and extends to the lower border of the cricoid cartilage or the first tracheal ring.

Other disadvantages of tracheal intubation include damage to the mucosal lining of the nasopharynx or oropharynx and subglottic stenosis.

Cancer may occur on the vocal folds themselves ("glottic" cancer), or on tissues above and below the true cords ("supraglottic" and "subglottic" cancers respectively).

Subglottic stenosis is often therefore used to describe central airway narrowing in children, and laryngotracheal stenosis is more often used in adults.

On lateral C-spine X-ray, the thumbprint sign (or "thumb sign") describes a swollen, enlarged epiglottis; usually with dilated hypopharynx and normal subglottic structures.

The first step is to exclude other obstructive conditions of the upper airway, especially epiglottitis, an airway foreign body, subglottic stenosis, angioedema, retropharyngeal abscess, and bacterial tracheitis.

In radiology, the steeple sign is a radiologic sign found on a frontal neck radiograph where subglottic tracheal narrowing produces an inverted "V" shape within the trachea itself.

Primary subglottic cancers, which are quite rare, drain through the cricothyroid and cricotracheal membranes to the pretracheal, paratracheal, and inferior jugular nodes, and occasionally to mediastinal nodes.

When this resonant frequency is reached, the response of the subglottic tube is to act as an acoustical impedance or interference which tends to upset the phonatory function of the larynx.

Subglottic stenosis can be of two forms, namely Congenital subglottic stenosis and Acquired Subglottic stenosis.