Indeed, the bias caused by a non-zero tolerance can be characterized and compensated by introducing a specific form of noise to the summary statistics.

Suggestions of regional bias caused by each territory having a representative on the selection panel led to a reduction to three selectors only.

By including Pennsylvania as a control in a difference-in-differences model, any bias caused by variables common to New Jersey and Pennsylvania are implicitly controlled for, even when these variables are unobserved.

The average difference of succeeding calibrations from the first is 0.008 ppm, suggesting a slight bias perhaps caused by handling.

An example of bias caused by hot cognition would be a juror disregarding evidence because of attraction to the defendant.

There may be inherent biases caused by how they select the people to poll.

It describes the effect of an infinitesimal contamination at the point on the estimate we are seeking, standardized by the mass of the contamination (the asymptotic bias caused by contamination in the observations).

One of the purposes of blinding clinical trials is to avoid the introduction of bias caused by investigators beliefs about the therapy being tested influencing perceptions, measurements, and actions.

Net Applications also uses country-level weighting to correct for bias caused by variation in sampling rates across countries.

The use of experimental data, where treatments have been randomly assigned, is preferred because it helps eliminate bias caused by unobserved confounding variables that influence both the choice of the treatment and the clinical outcome.