A double-blind trial published in 2011 found that vitamin E increases the risk of prostate cancer in healthy men.

The study also found that trials published in non-Chinese journals tended to be of higher quality.

The second trial, published in September 1980, was done at the George Washington University Medical Center.

A further, longer clinical trial published in 2009 reported both weight loss and percent body fat loss.

This is consistent with results from another trial published in December 2012, demonstrating that 2.5 mg and 5 mg doses are ineffective.

A similar trial published in 2010, however, found ginkgo effective at treating mild to moderate dementia at the higher single dose of 240 mg daily.

It was later (in 2010) found to be ineffective due to publication bias in the original trials published by the drug manufacturer Pfizer.

None of the trials published in English were randomized and few were controlled.

Health Canada reviewed the evidence of 84 randomized controlled trials published between 1994-2007 involving phytosterol supplementation.

This determination was made prior to results of the phase I clinical trial being published.