This causes what is called vacuum polarization.

He also introduced the idea of vacuum polarization in the early 1930s.

The effects of vacuum polarization have been routinely observed experimentally since then as very well understood background effects.

This reorientation of the short-lived particle-antiparticle pairs is referred to as vacuum polarization.

The one-loop contribution of a fermion-antifermion pair to the vacuum polarization is represented by the following diagram:

Thus the vacuum polarization depends on the momentum transfer, or in other words, the dielectric constant is scale dependent.

The most complicated treatments allow for the small effects of special relativity and vacuum polarization.

The pointlike electron would have a diverging electromagnetic field, which should create a strong vacuum polarization.

As was already noticed by Haag in his original work, it is the vacuum polarization that lies at the core of Haag's theorem.

It is capable of vacuum polarization.